For those who decide to install an external sewer system on their own, you definitely need to know the features of laying pipes in the ground, as well as the principle of selecting building materials, so our article will be very helpful.
If you are interested in the placement of the pipeline in the house, you should read the article “Laying sewer pipes”.
Selection of materials
Through the internal sewerage system, wastewater is removed from buildings and transported through an external pipeline to treatment facilities - central or local (septic tanks).
In order for your sewer system to cope with its tasks effectively, you must know how to lay sewer pipes on your site.
For the construction of an external sewer system, it is advisable to use smooth orange polymer pipes:
- polyethylene (PE);
- polypropylene (PP);
- polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
If the laying depth is significant or the sewer pipes are expected to be subject to dynamic loads (in cases where sewerage passes under pedestrian and highway roads), it is better to prefer corrugated double-layer pipes made of PE or PP.
The connection of polymer pipes occurs through shaped products - adapters, couplings, bends, etc.
Most often, external sewer pipelines are constructed from orange polymer pipes with a diameter of 110 mm.
Painting pipes orange indicates their purpose - for external sewerage; they are more durable and strong than gray products used in the construction of internal pipelines.
Pipes laid underground for external sewerage are less susceptible to corrosion, destruction and, when laid with the correct slope, do not create blockages due to the smooth structure of the inner wall. The maximum permissible depth of such pipes in the ground is 3 m.
What to choose for telephone lines
Outside the premises, telephone lines are laid underground, protecting the wires with special structures or stretching them inside pipes. It is also possible to lay the cable over the air.
For wiring on the walls of houses, products of the following brands are used: TPVBG, TPPep, PRPPM. And for underground and overhead lines - TCPP(v)t, TCPPmPt, PRPPMt, PRPPMS, TB, TK, TPPepB, TPPepZBbShp, etc.
For home wiring, simple products without armor or screens are used. The insulating material of such cables is PVC or rubber, and their service life can reach 15 years.
Pipe laying technology
Preparing the trench
Having decided on the material, familiarize yourself with how to properly lay sewer pipes. Installation of external sewerage begins with preparing a trench, which can be dug manually with a shovel or using an excavator.
The depth of the furrows depends on the depth of soil freezing in a particular area. According to SNiP P-G.3-62, the depth of laying sewer pipes is 0.5 m less than the soil freezing mark and is approximately:
- 3 ÷ 3.5 m – in the northern regions of the Russian Federation;
- 2.5 ÷ 3 – in the middle zone;
- 1.25 ÷ 2 – on the Black Sea coast.
The indicated figures are not categorical and may vary within certain limits depending on the terrain and groundwater level. However, laying sewer pipes in the ground must be done at least 0.5 m from the surface.
When using pipes of 110 mm diameter, depressions are dug in the soil 0.6 m wide and 0.05 m deep than the depth of the pipes.
The trench has its own characteristics:
- The bottom of the trench is leveled, the necessary slope is created, as a rule, 1-2 cm for each linear meter of the pipeline.
- After leveling the bottom, it is necessary to thoroughly compact the soil and arrange a cushion of gravel or sand 10-15 cm high.
- A sand or gravel bed must be compacted in an area located 2 m before the inspection well and at the junction of the pipeline with the inlet pipe.
- Where the sockets will be located in the sewer system, pits should be formed.
Pipeline installation
Next comes the actual installation of the pipeline. It is better to start laying from the foundation of the building.
The technology for laying sewer pipes looks like this:
- The pipes are laid with the socket down in prepared trenches.
- To connect two pipes to each other, the socket of one and the smooth end of the other are cleaned of dirt.
- The joints are lubricated with special compounds.
- The pipe is inserted all the way into the socket.
- All pipeline elements must be combined in a similar way.
Pro tip: When connecting parts of a pipeline, one pipe is inserted into the socket of the next one. In order for this connection to be reliable and of high quality, it is recommended to first measure the depth to which one pipe will enter the other and make a mark in the appropriate place.
If there is an outlet in the foundation of the house, the external sewer pipe is connected to it; if it is not provided, then a hole must be made. Diamond drills are ideal for this task.
For the turning device, bends are used - 15, 30, or 450. When the length of the sewer pipeline is more than 15 m, an inspection is installed in such sections.
Backfilling the trench
After laying the pipes, the slope angle is checked. If everything is done correctly, the trench can be backfilled. For backfilling, it is allowed to use the soil formed when digging furrows, but in this case it is necessary to remove large stones from it and break up dense blocks of soil.
Advice from a professional: When backfilling, large stones and blocks of soil larger than 30 cm in size are not allowed in the soil - such inclusions can easily damage sewer pipes.
The trench is gradually backfilled to a height of 0.3 m, in layers of 5 cm. Each layer is well compacted on the sides of the pipe; compacting the area above the pipe itself is prohibited.
Types of cables
In addition to standard power cables designed to transmit electric current, there are a number of additional modifications that are used for other purposes or have separate functions.
Power cables
The main purpose of power cables is to lay internal or external electrical wiring for powering lighting devices and sockets. Most often, the following types of cables are purchased for this:
1. VVG.
One of the most popular and reliable power cables of domestic production. It is used to transmit electric current with a voltage of up to 1000 Volts and a frequency of 50 Hertz. Depending on the modification, single and multi-wire conductors with a cross-section of 1.5-240 mm² are used. External and internal PVC insulation protects the cores from high humidity - up to 98% at a temperature of +40 °C. Popular modifications of the VVG cable:
AVVG - the same VVG, but with aluminum single-wire conductors with a cross-section of 2.5-50 mm².
VVGng - insulation does not support combustion.
VVGp is a flat cable in which the conductors are located in the same plane.
VVGz - between the outer and inner insulation there is filling in the form of rubber shavings or additional PVC threads.
All types of insulation have good mechanical and chemical resistance, with a bending radius of 10 diagonals.
2. NYM.
In structure, this is an analogue of the VVG cable, but made not according to domestic standards, but to European standards developed by German engineers. With equal physical characteristics, the NYM cable is considered more reliable, since the materials used in its production are of higher quality and the tolerances are tighter. A distinctive feature of the cable is the layer between the internal and external insulation made of coated rubber
According to its characteristics and purpose, NYM is a household cable for installing sockets or lighting - it consists of 2-5 conductive stranded copper cores and is designed for a voltage of 660 Volts. The quality of the insulation allows the cable to be operated at temperatures of -40/+70 °C, and the bending radius during installation is only 4 diameters.
NYM cable is used for laying external and internal wiring. There are only two restrictions - avoid exposure to direct sunlight and do not lay the cable directly into freshly poured concrete - in such cases, corrugated pipes or cable channels must be used.
Depending on the number of cores, their insulation is painted in the following colors: black, blue, yellow-green, brown and another black with an additional mark.
3. KG – flexible cable.
1-6 stranded copper cores are designed for AC voltage up to 660 Volts and frequency up to 400 Hertz. The material of internal and external insulation is rubber, which gives the cable increased flexibility and makes it possible to operate at temperatures of -60/+50 °C.
Mainly used for connecting powerful electrical equipment to the network - welding machines, heating devices, generators, etc. If necessary, you can also use it for installing power wiring, but this is quite expensive - if possible, it is easier to choose NYM or VVG.
4. VBBSHv.
Copper cable with single or multi-wire conductors with a cross-section of 1.52-240 mm², in the amount of 1-5 pieces. External and internal insulation is made of PVC - the same material fills all the voids between the cores. Under the outer shell, armor is made of two metal strips that are wound overlapping. The insulation can withstand voltages up to 1000 Volts and can be operated at temperatures of -50/+50 and humidity up to 98% (at +35 °C).
The following modifications are common:
- AVBBSHv – with aluminum conductors.
- VBBShvng – insulation does not burn.
- VBBShvng-LS - insulation when smoldering almost does not emit smoke and caustic gas.
During installation, the bending radius must be maintained at least 10 diameters.
5. Glowing cables.
When such a cable is connected to the network, the surface of its insulation begins to glow.
This effect is caused in two ways:
LEDs . The external insulation is made in two layers, one standard and the other transparent. Between them, at a distance of 2 cm, LEDs are located in series with each other. This design is very convenient in terms of searching for a broken current-carrying conductor - at this point the LEDs will stop glowing. Such cables are made - most often they are used to power stage equipment, but there is a line of luminous computer cables.
Luminescent coating . When plugged into the network, it emits a uniform glow over the entire area, reminiscent of neon tubes. The advantages of this solution are relatively low cost and no restrictions on cable length.
Cables for information transmission
The very first of them were used to connect telephones and television antennas, but with the development of computer technology, new types of cables appeared to transmit information.
1. RG-6, RG-59, RG-58, RK75.
RG-6.
RG-58.
RG-59.
RK75.
To a non-specialist, such cables are better known as “antenna” cables, which consist of a single or multi-wire copper core with a cross-section of about 1 mm², thick internal insulation made of dense or foamed polyethylene, shielding braid and an outer insulating layer - cambric.
Without going into technical details, it is enough to know that this cable structure is ideal for transmitting low-current high-frequency signals. When purchasing such a cable, a specialist will take an interest in such characteristics of the transmitted current as frequency, resistance, type of shielding, signal decay time, etc.
2. Computer twisted pair.
If a special fiber optic cable is used over long distances, then the so-called twisted pair cable is used to connect computers to local networks. Most often these are 4 or 8 wires intertwined in pairs - this design improves the characteristics of signal reception and transmission.
Since twisted pair wires are usually thin and can be easily damaged, there is a breaking thread next to them, which can easily pierce and cut the outer protective insulation from the inside.
There are several varieties of such cables, differing from each other in the presence or absence of additional shielding to stabilize the signal passing through the wires:
- UTP – with conventional external protective PVC insulation.
- FTP - a foil screen is wound under the outer insulation.
- STP – the screen is made in the form of a braid of copper wire. In addition to general shielding, each twisted pair is protected separately.
- S/FTP – foil shield under the general insulation and on each twisted pair.
Based on the number of twisted pairs, cables are divided into categories CAT1, CAT2 and CAT5e - the last of them is 4 pairs of wires, which allows data transfer at speeds of up to 1 Gb/sec.
3. Telephone cables and wires.
Low-current cables - are mainly divided into those used for laying lines between telephone substations and for installing individual branches in a house or apartment.
TPPep. Multi-core cable - depending on the modification, it is designed to connect up to 400 subscribers (2 wires for each). The conductors are single-wire, with a cross-section of 0.4-0.5 mm², insulation - polyethylene. In addition to modifications in the number of wires, there are armored cables suitable for laying in the ground without additional structures.
TRV (noodles). 2 or 4 single-wire copper conductors with a cross-section of 0.4-0.5 mm², enclosed in a PVC sheath with a divided base. The insulation can withstand operation at temperatures of -10/+40 °C and relative humidity not higher than 80% (at +30 °C).
TRP. The same expansion valve, but with polyethylene insulation, which makes the wire suitable for outdoor use.
SHTLP. Flat protected wire of increased flexibility with two or four stranded cores with a cross-section of 0.08-0.12 mm². Internal insulation is made of PVC, outer layer is polyethylene.
PRPPM. Flat protected two-core wire with solid cores with a cross-section of 0.9 or 1.2 mm² and a divided base. Depending on the modification, internal insulation is made of PVC, and external insulation is made of polyethylene or double PVC. The wire is suitable for use at temperatures of -60/+60 - used for laying external lines along the walls of buildings or along air supports.
Specialized cables
Designed for operation in non-standard conditions - with temperatures, humidity, pressure, etc. that differ from standard ones.
1. PNSV.
A heating wire designed to consume electricity rather than transmit it. The core with a cross section of 1.2, 1.4, 2, 3 mm² is made of steel and coated with steel or galvanized. Insulation made of heat-resistant PVC or polyethylene, which retain their properties in the temperature range -50/+80 °C. The wire is designed for connection to a 220-380 Volt 50 Hertz line and is most often used for the manufacture of heated floors.
2. Runway.
A cable with a copper stranded conductor with a cross-section of 1.2-25 mm² enclosed in double insulation made of polyethylene or PVC. Designed to operate at voltages up to 660 Volts and current frequency 50 Hertz. The insulation can withstand sudden changes in pressure and allows the cable to be operated at temperatures of -40/+80 °C. A popular area of application is powering pump motors lowered into artesian wells.
3. RKGM.
Power copper single-core heat-resistant installation wire. Flexible stranded core with a cross-section of 0.75-120 mm² - designed for voltages up to 600 Volts at frequencies up to 400 Hertz. Insulation made of silicone rubber with an outer shell of fiberglass, plus impregnation with heat-resistant varnishes or enamels, retains its properties in the temperature range -60/+180 °C. These types of wires are used for operation at many times elevated temperatures - wiring in furnaces, baths, connecting heating devices, etc.
Pipeline insulation
Sometimes sewer pipes need to be insulated. The need for insulation of sewer pipes arises when the pipeline is laid above the freezing depth of the soil or at the exit from the building.
In this case, stenoflex or energyflex insulation is used. Thermal insulating material is wrapped around sewer pipes along the entire length of the pipeline and securely fastened. Upon completion of installation of the insulation, the slope is checked, and only then backfilling is carried out.
The best option would be to fill the pipe with sand in a layer of 10-15 cm, which is compacted along the edges. It is allowed to fill the soil left over after digging trenches on top of the sand.
When partial repairs of an already functioning sewer pipeline are required, it is more correct and reliable to dismantle the old sewer pipes completely, and then start laying new ones.
In reality, such a solution will take much less time than replacing individual sewer elements.
Source: kanalizaciya-prosto.ru
Connecting plumbing to sewer
Most sewer systems operate on the principle of gravity: wastewater moves through pipelines under the influence of gravitational force. The problem sometimes arises when it is necessary to drain wastewater from the lower levels of buildings. In such situations, it is impossible to create a slope. The solution to this problem is the use of special pumps that provide forced transportation of wastewater. Pressure pumps can be installed on any plumbing fixture, and all wastewater will move through the pipeline without any complaints. When connecting the pump to the toilet, you should also take care of the grinder so that solid waste fractions do not damage the operation of the equipment. The pump operates automatically and there is no need to monitor its operation.
How to lay sewer pipes in a private house: step-by-step instructions
A person feels good where there are comfortable living conditions. And in order to create them, you need to think about how to lay a sewer system in a private house. Firstly, you should familiarize yourself with the features of this process, and secondly, decide on the material used.
It is worth noting that now, plastic pipes, albeit slowly, are still replacing metal pipelines. As for cast iron, they are used very rarely due to their weight and high cost. In contrast, polymer products are much lighter in weight, easier to install and durable.
Briefly about the main thing
Cable channels are used for careful installation of open-type electrical communications, protecting wires from various factors, ensuring safety for humans and pets.
The choice of products involves consideration of several criteria: degree of protection and capacity of the internal space, structural and decorative design, material.
It is important to take into account the permissible fill rates for a tray or channel with a round cross-section: 35% for sealed products, 40% for boxes with a lid.
In the residential sector, as a rule, skirting boards, thresholds, plastic boxes and corrugated sleeves are used.
For ease of installation and aesthetics, it is worthwhile to additionally use components: tees, straight and corner connectors, plugs, various blocks.
The main stages of laying sewerage in a private house
In order for the system to function properly and no unforeseen situations arise, before laying sewer pipes in a private house , you need to competently draw up a detailed project.
It is desirable that the design of engineering systems be carried out at the time of drawing up the house project, but this is only relevant if new construction is planned.
First of all, you need to take care of the compact arrangement of water intake points, which allows you to organize the reception of wastewater into a common riser. If the kitchen and bath are located at different ends of the house, then you will have to plan to build two risers and septic tanks, which entails additional costs.
Many experts recommend that at the stage of developing a scheme for laying external and internal pipelines, one should focus on some features of the movement of wastewater through pipes. The following rules must be followed:
- The toilet must be connected to the riser separately; in addition, other devices cannot be added to the connecting pipe;
- the connection of other devices should not be at a level lower than the toilet connection;
- all plumbing, except the toilet, may have a common connection to the riser;
- the diameter of the supply pipe must be no less than the size of the drain pipe.
Once the project has been drawn up, you can proceed to such stages of system installation as choosing a location for installing a treatment plant, arranging an internal sewer network, removing it from the house and installing an external sewer system.
If you are encountering this for the first time and do not know how to lay sewer pipes in a private house, but want to do it yourself, then it is advisable not only to read the installation instructions, but also to watch the video.
Types of wires
The selection of the right wire largely depends on the power of the electrical appliances that will be powered through it. Next, let's look at the different types of wires that are most often used for domestic use.
Flat
1. PBPP (PUNP).
Flat protected wire with copper single-wire conductors, cross-section from 1.5 to 6 mm², located in the same plane. External and internal insulation material – PVC. Can be used at temperatures in the range of -15/+50; during installation, it is allowed to bend in a circle with a radius of at least 10 diameters (since the wire is flat, the width is measured - the larger side). Designed to transmit current with voltage up to 250 Volts, frequency 50 Hertz. Used primarily for connecting lighting or sockets.
2. PBPPg (PUGNP).
The letter “g” in the name indicates a distinctive feature of the wire - the flexibility provided by the use of stranded cores. This also reduces the bending radius during installation, which is equal to 6 diameters. All other characteristics are the same as for single-wire PBPP (PUNP).
3. APUNP.
The same PUNP wire, but with a single-wire aluminum core, cross-section from 2.5 to 6 mm². Other characteristics remain unchanged.
When purchasing PBPP, PBPPg and APUNP wires, you must remember that GOST determines for them a tolerance for the thickness of the core and insulation of 30%. This means that the cross-section of a wire marked 1.5 mm² may in fact turn out to be ≈1 mm². In addition, APUNP wire is prohibited for use by the provisions of the PUE and is manufactured only due to demand caused by low price.
Although the insulation of such wires should withstand voltages of up to 250 Volts, for the above reasons this is not always the case. Therefore, it is better to use them only for lighting, and purchase NYM or VVG cables for sockets.
With jumpers
1.PPV.
The wire is easy to recognize thanks to the characteristic jumpers between the cores, which are made of the same material as their insulation - PVC. The number of cores themselves is 2-3, they are single-wire, with a cross-section of 0.75-6 mm². The wire can be used to transmit current with a voltage of 450 Volts and a frequency of up to 400 Hertz. The insulation does not burn, is resistant to acids and alkalis - after installation, the wire can be used at temperatures of -50/+70 ° C and in conditions of 100% humidity (characteristic for 35 ° C). During installation, bending with a radius of 10 diameters is allowed.
2. APPV.
The same characteristics as those of PPV, but taking into account aluminum conductors - the cross-section starts from 2.5 mm². Purpose - installation of open wiring - lighting and power.
Single-core
1. APV.
Separate aluminum single-core wire. A core with a cross section of 2.5-16 mm² is single-wire, and 25-95 mm² is multi-wire. The insulation material is PVC, resistant to chemically aggressive compounds, allows the wire to be used at a humidity of 100% (tests at 35 °C), in a temperature range of -50/+70 °C. When installing, maintain a bending radius of 10 diameters. There are no special restrictions for use.
2. PV1.
The same automatic reclosure, only with a single-wire copper conductor, cross-section 0.75-16 mm² and multi-wire 16-95 mm².
3. PV3.
The number in the name of the wire indicates the flexibility class - here it is much higher, since for any cross-section of the wire it is multi-wire. Used for installation of lines where frequent transitions and bends are required. The radius of the latter should not be less than 6 diameters.
Wires PV1, PV3 and APV are manufactured with multi-color insulation, which increases the convenience of their use for installation of switchboards without the use of additional markings.
For the manufacture of electrical cords
1. PVS.
Copper stranded wire, with 2-5 stranded wires with a cross-section of 0.75-16 mm². The insulation of all cores is of different colors, the shell is plain white. The purpose of the wire is to transmit current with a voltage of 380 Volts and a frequency of 50 Hertz. Due to its high flexibility, it is most often used for connecting electrical equipment - designed for at least 3000 bends.
It is not recommended for installation inside walls - in such conditions, after 4-5 years, the external insulation will begin to deteriorate. Can be used at temperatures of -25/+40 °C, and in the PVSU modification - from -40 to +40 °C.
2. SHVVP.
Copper stranded wire, with 2-3 stranded cores of increased flexibility with a cross-section of 0.5-0.75 mm². It is used for the manufacture of power cords for lamps or low-power electrical devices that require voltage up to 380 Volts and a frequency of 50 Hertz. Not suitable for installation inside walls.
Installation of the external part of the sewer system
Detailed instructions will help you figure out how to properly lay sewer pipes in a private house. Remember to always follow the established procedure.
It all starts with laying pipes in a trench; you need to dig it in advance. The optimal distance between the trench and the pipe should be between 200 mm and 20 cm, it all depends on the diameter. Next you need:
- Dig a hole for a septic tank or treatment well; the depth must be at least 80 cm, and most importantly, 20 cm below the freezing level of the soil.
- Taking into account local conditions, as well as the depth of installation of the sewage system, it is necessary to ensure the optimal degree of slope of the pipes.
- Compact the bottom of the trench, freeing it from large stones and solid inclusions in advance. After this, a sand cushion is created.
- Having understood how best to lay the pipeline through the foundation from where it exits from the house, the pipes are laid along their entire length.
- To connect structural elements you need to use sealant.
- For pipeline turns, a smooth bend is used.
- The external system is connected to the VOC chamber using rubber seals.
After completing all the stages, you can backfill the system; for this, not only soil is taken, but also sand. In order for the installation of external sewerage to proceed without problems, you need to take care of purchasing components (elbows, crosses, fittings, tees, transitions, plugs).
Which laying method to choose
The length of individual sections of the line, design cable cross-sections and environmental conditions are the decisive factors that determine the choice of installation method. It is necessary to carry out installation in such a way as to prevent destruction of the conductor insulation and damage to structural elements.
Sometimes it is appropriate to use combined methods. For example, if you need to supply electricity from a pole to a country house. Then the line can go through the air to the building, and then along the wall.
In harsh climatic conditions, it is better to lay the line underground. This also applies to the installation of high-voltage cables over long distances.
Stages of internal sewerage installation in a private house
You don’t know how to lay sewer pipes in a private house and where to start, but if you figure it out, everything is very simple. The installation starts from the plumbing fixtures and goes to the location of the external pipe. It is better to lay it under the floor. So let's get started:
- First you need to connect the S-shaped pipe or water seal to the plumbing fixtures.
- Then the first sewage pipeline is connected.
- The horizontal pipe structure is connected to the pipe through two elbows, the angle of which is at least 90 degrees.
- Do not forget about the importance of observing the slopes of the structure, for which you need to use clamps that are attached to the walls. Thanks to them, the structure is always in its normal position.
- The pipes coming from the toilet are connected to the main elements of the sewer system, connected by a perpendicular tee.
- To ensure the passage of the pipeline through the ceiling, you need to install a metal sleeve in the insulated pipe.
- And to go from a pipe with a diameter of 5 cm to 10 cm, you will need a special adapter.
- You can equalize the external and internal sewerage using an elbow.
It will be better if you observe the slopes of the pipes; with a diameter of 5 cm it should be 3 cm, and with a diameter of 10 cm - 2 cm. In order to seal the existing pipe joints, you need to use special hermetic mixtures.
What should be done before laying the pipeline?
Development of the project and its approval is the first stage that the owners must complete. Any construction project must have a detailed, accurate plan for laying communications.
Getting approval
Preliminary coordination with local administration authorities will avoid all problems in the future:
An “amateur” connection to the highway without project approval can lead to the same result.
Soil research
If you plan to contact specialists, then such surveys are usually carried out by representatives of a company specializing in pipeline laying. Another option is to invite employees of an organization conducting geodetic work. As a result, the master will know:
All this knowledge will not be superfluous in any case. If we talk only about laying a pipeline, then awareness of the characteristics of the soil will give a 100% chance of avoiding the collapse of a “freshly made” tunnel.
Sewer outlet
Instructions on how to properly install a sewer system in a private house are not limited to a description of internal and external installation. She also describes how to properly remove pipes from your home.
You need to provide an outlet location in advance, and you also need to install several bends to connect the two parts of the pipeline.
Do not forget that you must install a metal sleeve to pass the pipes through the foundation, and insulate the space remaining between the walls of this device.
Source: kanalizaciyasam.ru
Thermal insulation device
Sometimes it is not economically or technically possible to lay a pipeline below the frost line. In this case, measures are taken to insulate it. What is it for? When wastewater passes through the pipeline, it does not completely block its lumen. In winter, part of the pipe section is filled with cold air. Moisture evaporates from the surface of warm drains and condenses on the “ceiling”. As a result, a layer of frost begins to form. As it grows, it becomes able to block the lumen to such an extent that in this place the flow rate of wastewater slows down and silt deposits settle.
In practice, two solutions to this problem are used: heating and insulation of the TP section laid in the zone of negative temperatures. To insulate the parts of the area, they are “dressed in a fur coat” made of materials with low thermal conductivity. There are two types of insulation, the fastening technology of which is different:
- molded products (shells),
- rolled products.
If roll insulation is used, then first a layer of insulation is laid in the trench. The assembled section of the pipeline is laid on top. It is wrapped in rolled material with a slight overlap and secured with wire or synthetic tape.
Molded insulation has an internal diameter that matches the diameter of the pipes that are placed on them before installation in the ditch. The top of this “sandwich” is wrapped with waterproofing, the ends of which are secured with construction tape.
The heating method is used if the use of insulation does not solve the problem. In this case, a heating cable is used, laid longitudinally. It is attached with aluminum tape from below to the pipe. Connects to an anti-icing network or a separate power supply.
Factory-made products with an insulating layer are available for sale. There are products in which the insulating layer is supplemented with heating elements. During installation, it is necessary to ensure high-quality sealing of the joints so that penetrating water does not disturb the thermal insulation properties of the “fur coat”.
Not only areas of external sewage systems are insulated. Details of the internal CS in unheated basements also require insulation. The methods are the same.
Laying sewer pipes in the ground: we equip and insulate external sewerage
Laying sewer systems in a private home does not require any complex skills, special tools or deep special knowledge. However, small errors during installation work can later lead to serious damage to the system.
The communications are subject to quite serious pressure from the soil layer; they are exposed to cold, moisture, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the laying of sewer pipes in the ground is done correctly.
Negative factors for external wiring
Power line structures that are located outside residential premises are constantly exposed to a number of negative impacts. They can suffer mechanical damage and lose elasticity from overheating under the sun. There is a risk of wires breaking due to strong gusts of wind.
Ultraviolet
When heated under sunlight, the wires become more elastic and bend more. If the structure was assembled incorrectly, then in extreme heat and wind this can lead to a line break.
Under sunlight, the wires bend more.
Under intense exposure to ultraviolet radiation, the insulating material gradually deteriorates. It becomes fragile and sensitive to mechanical damage.
Humidity
If the cable is poorly waterproofed, the wiring may short out. In some cases, such situations lead to fires.
If it is necessary to lay the line underground or in places where there is a lot of moisture accumulation, then it is necessary to use special grades of wires.
frosts
In extreme cold, metal conductors and insulating layers lose their elasticity. If the product is not designed to withstand such conditions, cable sheath failure and short circuits may occur.
In extreme cold, the wires lose their elasticity.
The effect of cold must be taken into account when installing flexible wires along the walls of residential premises. In winter, ice may form there, which under its weight can damage the line.
Wind
You can avoid destruction of overhead power lines in gusty winds if you use cables that have increased cord breaking strength. According to GOST for power wires it should be no less than 60 and no more than 90 N/mm².
If weather conditions mean windy weather all year round, then it is worth considering the option of laying underground communications.
Types of sewer pipes and their features
The process of laying external sewerage looks quite simple. The pipes are laid in a dug trench, connected to the system located inside the house, as well as to the collector, and then covered with earth.
Before drawing up an external sewerage project, you need to decide on the type of pipes. The dimensions of the trench, slope, etc. depend on the diameter, cross-section and material of these elements.
Pipes that are used to create external sewage systems are distinguished by many parameters, such as diameter and cross-sectional configuration, as well as material. Today, sewer systems are made of:
- cast iron;
- ceramics;
- concrete;
- asbestos cement;
- plastic;
- fiberglass.
Cast iron pipes weigh quite a lot, their internal surface is not very smooth, and installation is very complicated, so this type of sewage system is used extremely rarely in private plots.
Ceramic elements are easier to install, but they can be easily damaged if handled carelessly. Concrete structures of large weight are also difficult to install, so they are rarely used for external sewerage in a private house.
Inexpensive and lightweight asbestos cement structures have been popular in the past, but they are somewhat fragile, and the smoothness of their internal surface leaves much to be desired.
The undisputed leader in the sewer systems market is plastic. Pipes made of PVC, PP, PVP have all the characteristics necessary for external sewerage:
- light weight;
- significant strength;
- resistance to chemicals;
- ease of installation;
- smooth inner surface;
- ability to withstand very low temperatures, etc.
Fiberglass, which is a composition of polyester resins reinforced with special fiberglass, is also very good for sewerage. However, such structures weigh significantly more and are much more expensive.
To create a sewer system on a personal plot, round plastic pipes are most often used, the diameter of which is usually 110 mm.
When laying pipes using the puncture method, for example, under the road surface, as well as in other places with high loads, it is recommended to use double-layer pipes with a corrugated outer surface.
Note! Pipes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVP) can withstand heating only up to 40 degrees, while polypropylene (PP) structures can withstand temperatures up to 80 degrees. High-strength polyethylene (HDP), which is used in the production of sewer pipes, occupies an average position in terms of heat resistance.
The difference between cables and wires depending on the core material
Cores of wires and cables for specialized purposes can be made of various metals, but aluminum and copper are mainly used in electrical engineering. Each of them has its own specific properties, advantages and disadvantages, which must be taken into account when selecting a core material for a specific purpose.
Aluminum conductors
The invention of a relatively inexpensive method for extracting aluminum made a revolution in the global development of electrification, because in terms of electrical conductivity this metal ranks fourth, behind only silver, copper and gold. This made it possible to reduce the cost of production of wires and cables as much as possible and make universal electrification a reality.
Such electrical wires and their types are distinguished by their low cost, chemical resistance, high level of heat transfer and low weight - they have determined the mass of electrification in industrial and domestic conditions for more than half a century.
In light of the relatively recent dominance of aluminum in the wire market, it may seem strange to the uninitiated that the provisions of the PUE prohibit the use of this material in everyday life. More precisely, you cannot use aluminum wires with a cross-section of less than 16 mm², and these are the most common of them for installing home electrical wiring. To understand why there is a ban on the use of these wires, you can familiarize yourself with their advantages and disadvantages.
+ Advantages of aluminum wires
- Lighter than copper.
- Significantly cheaper.
— Disadvantages of aluminum wires
- Aluminum conductors with a cross-section of up to 16 mm² can only be single-wire, which means they can only be used for laying stationary wiring and without bending at an acute angle. All flexible wires and cables have always been made of copper.
- The chemical resistance of aluminum is determined by the oxide film that forms when it comes into contact with air. Over time, with constant heating of the contact due to the flow of electric current through it, this film deteriorates electrical conductivity, the contact overheats and fails. That is, aluminum wires require additional maintenance, and the contacts through which powerful currents pass are coated with a special lubricant.
- Amorphous material - if you clamp two aluminum wires together, the contact will weaken over time, as the aluminum will partially “leak out” from under pressure.
- Soldering can only be carried out using special tools, and welding can be performed in a chamber with an inert gas.
- Good electrical conductivity is observed only in pure aluminum, and impurities inevitably remaining during production worsen this indicator.
As a result, aluminum is a good choice if you need to save money here and now, but in the long run its use will be more expensive due to its relatively short service life and the need for regular maintenance. For this reason and additional safety reasons, the PUE strictly prohibits using it for laying new power lines.
Copper conductors
In terms of electrical conductivity, copper is in second place, only 5% inferior to silver in this indicator.
Compared to aluminum, copper has only 2 significant disadvantages, due to which for a long time it was used much less frequently. Otherwise, copper wins in all respects.
+ Pros of copper wires
- Electrical conductivity is 1.7 times higher than aluminum - a smaller cross-section of wire will pass the same amount of current.
- High flexibility and elasticity - even single-core wires can withstand a large number of deformations, and multi-core wires make cords for electrical appliances with increased flexibility.
- Soldering, tinning and welding are carried out without the use of additional materials.
— Disadvantages of copper wires
- The cost is several times more expensive than aluminum.
- High density - a coil of copper wire, the same length and cross-section as aluminum, will weigh 3 times more.
- Copper wires and contacts oxidize in open air. However, this practically does not affect the contact resistance and, if necessary, is “treated” by lubricating the surface of the already tightened contact.
As a result, although copper is a more expensive material, in general its use is more economical, since it is more durable, requires less effort during installation and attention during maintenance.
Procedure for creating an external sewer system
The laying of sewerage pipes begins with the project. It is recommended to make a trench with a minimum number of bends; the optimal solution is a completely straight pipe without any turns.
If you can’t do without them, and the length of the system is more than 12 meters, inspection wells are installed in such places, since this is where blockages and breakdowns most often occur.
Note! Even ideally straight sewers must be equipped with inspection wells every 25 meters.
It is important to correctly determine the depth of the sewer pipe. When determining it, the depth of soil freezing and the level of the entrance of the sewer pipe into the septic tank or pipe of the centralized sewer system are taken into account.
In addition, the required sewerage slope should be ensured, which is 2 cm for each linear meter of the structure.
Often, creating a sufficiently deep trench turns out to be too labor-intensive, and sometimes impossible. In this case, it is necessary to carry out thermal insulation work to protect the drains from freezing in winter.
According to the rules for laying sewer pipes, the minimum trench width is defined as the diameter of the pipe plus 20 mm on each side for pipes.
If the pipe is wider than 200 mm, the free space should be increased, otherwise it will be difficult to correctly install the structure. Once the plan has been drawn up and all factors have been taken into account, the work begins.
To install external sewerage you should:
- Dig a trench of suitable size. Place a sand cushion approximately 50 mm thick on the bottom. Carefully compact the bottom of the trench.
- Lay and connect sewer pipes. Connect them to the internal sewerage system and to the septic tank.
- Check the operation of the system and make sure it is tight.
- Fill the space on the sides of the pipes with sand, compacting it layer by layer. Backfill the sewer from above.
Note! The layer of sand or soil laid on top of sewer pipes does not need to be compacted.
When figuring out how to properly lay sewer pipes, you should take into account the recommendations of experts:
the number of joints and turns should be minimal; all pipes must be directed towards the flow of waste; sockets and shaped elements cannot be shortened; The pipes should be secured to ensure the correct slope of the sewer.
To maintain the slope, use a marking cord that is pulled along the bottom of the trench.
How to dispose of wire after use
All cables are made of copper and aluminum. Some brands contain steel and lead. Non-ferrous metal can be handed over to collection points and you can get money for it. But you will have to burn the insulation over an open fire.
Insulated colored wire, from which the cores of some brands of cables are woven, can be used to weave key chains and small jewelry.
Industrial recycling consists of several stages:
- the cables are sorted and cut into small pieces of 20–40 mm;
- after magnetic separation, they are chopped using special crushers into pieces measuring 4–8 mm;
- After separating the metal from the insulation, the metals are removed and packaged into pressed briquettes.
Copper and aluminum are sent for smelting, and insulating materials are disposed of separately. Plastic is processed in specialized factories.
A few words about insulation
Insulation of sewer pipes is used quite often. For this purpose, special rolled or shaped insulation is used.
The first ones must be wound onto the pipe during the installation of the sewer system, the second ones are made for a pipe of a specific diameter and are simply put on it.
Since heat-insulating materials can lose a significant part of their useful properties when in contact with water, it is important to cover them with a reliable layer of waterproofing.
As an alternative or additional method of thermal insulation, a special heating cable is used, which is installed along the entire length of the pipe.
You can save time and effort if you buy pipes with a thermal insulation layer already installed. Elements are produced equipped not only with conventional insulation, but also with a heating cable.
When using such structures, it is necessary to carefully seal the joints so that moisture does not get on the insulation.
Source: aqua-rmnt.com
Briefly about open installation of power supply
External installation of electrical networks today is performed less often than hidden installations. This is explained by the use of modern durable materials and aesthetic considerations.
Combining retro wiring and cable ducts with open installation Source izhevsk.ru
However, open installation also has its advantages:
- work is completed faster;
- walls, floors and ceilings remain intact;
- no tool required to form grooves;
- it is possible to carry out repairs or make any changes without destroying the finish;
- monitoring the condition of the electrical network and timely detection of faults is easier than with hidden wiring.
In addition to the unattractiveness of the open arrangement of wires that attract attention, the disadvantages include the need to comply with fire safety and technical standards. Here, the optimal solution is cable channels in one design or another. You can resort to a retro style, but then the estimate will be increased due to the need to use special network insulating products.
Ceramic bushing for twisted wiring Source svetotehnica.ru
How to lay sewer pipes - a step-by-step guide with examples
Waste water and human waste are first transported to mains located outside the building, and then end up in storage tanks or septic tanks.
To do this, you can use pipe products made from different raw materials. More recently, cast iron pipelines were used to create an external sewer line in one's own home. Today, everything has changed, and the external laying of sewerage pipes is made from polymer pipe products.
The reason was the fragility of cast iron compared to plastic, and in addition, products made from this alloy are heavy and require special equipment for installation.
How to calculate the load on electrical wiring
Knowing the total power that the equipment should consume in the entire room, you can calculate the load on the power line.
Knowing the total power, you can calculate the load on the power lines.
The minimum value will be equal to the sum of the powers of all energy consumers in the house, multiplied by a factor of 0.8, and the maximum by 1.2.
The formula looks like this:
(P1+P2+P3+…Pn) * 0.8 = P,
where Pn is the power of the electrical appliance in the house, and P is the permissible load on the wiring.
Advantages of plastic pipes
The sewer plastic pipe has a number of advantages in addition to its low weight:
- withstands the influence of active chemical environments without problems;
- it is not subject to corrosive processes;
- has a smooth inner surface, so that deposits do not accumulate on it, which lead to a decrease in pipeline capacity.
When a sewer pipe is laid in the ground, all of the above positive characteristics are of great importance, since cleaning, repairing or replacing elements of the pipeline will require excavation work.
And this leads not only to additional time, but also financial costs.
Pipe products made from plastic have the following characteristics:
- affordable price;
- does not conduct electricity, which is very important today due to the presence of many household electrical appliances in the house;
- non-toxic;
- with its help you can mount highways of various configurations.
Despite all the advantages, you won’t be able to use them if you don’t know how to properly lay sewer pipes in the ground. Among the advantages of plastic products, it should also be noted that they do not lose their original appearance over time.
When arranging a sewer system indoors with your own hands, you need to use plastic products painted gray. When laying the outer part of the structure, polymer pipes of orange, red or brick shade are used to drain wastewater and sewage.
Basic Concepts
The characteristics of any cable or wire are determined by the properties of its conductors and the insulation surrounding them.
Lived in the electrical wiring
Residential wire is a wire made of metal that can pass electric current through itself. It has two important characteristics - the number of wires of which it consists, and the cross-section, which determines the throughput.
Based on the number of wires, the cores are divided into single-wire (monolithic) and multi-wire. This parameter determines the flexibility of the core - the more wires it contains, the easier it bends. You need to pay attention to this when choosing a wire or cable for certain purposes - if the installation of electrical wiring in the walls can be done with single-wire conductors, then to replace the power cord of an electrical appliance you need to take wires with multi-wire conductors. There is no insulation between the individual wires of a stranded core - usually they are simply twisted together.
Single-wire core.
Multi-wire core.
The cross-sectional area of the conductors determines the total current power that can be passed through it. Since the wire cross-section is the main parameter used in calculating the electrical wiring capacity, manufacturers are required to indicate it on the conductor insulation. To avoid confusion, this is done at regular intervals - usually up to 1 meter, and if the wire is bare, then the cross-section is indicated on the packaging of the coil, but it is advisable to double-check it with a caliper or micrometer. You also need to be careful when buying inexpensive brands of wires - GOST provides certain tolerances for the thickness of conductor cores and sometimes manufacturers actively take advantage of this. For example, there are brands of wires with a tolerance of as much as 30%, and if the accuracy of the equipment allows, then instead of 1 mm² you can get cores with a cross-section of 0.75-0.8 mm² and everything will be within the law.
There are also differences in the shape of the cores - they are mostly round, but in a number of types of wires and cables they are made, for example, sector - single and multi-core. This improves the overall core layout and reduces the outer diameter of the entire product.
Electrical wiring insulation
The main task of the insulating dielectric layer is to protect a person from contact with a live conductor. Also, the presence of insulation allows you to place several cores side by side without fear of a short circuit between phase and zero (contact of the phase conductor with the ground) or other phases.
For various purposes, certain dielectrics are used: ceramic or glass, and for flexible cables and wires, polymer ones - polyvinyl chloride or celluloid. For household wiring, polymer insulation is most often used - its properties allow not only to protect the conductors from short circuits, but also to protect them from mechanical damage, high humidity and other external factors.
Armored wires and cables are also manufactured, with multilayer insulation, inside of which there is an additional braid or steel tape. They are used on unstable soils, when laying lines under roads and in similar conditions.
Basic provisions of sanitary norms and rules
In 1985, Sanitary Standards and Rules were approved, according to which sewer systems must be installed.
The same document contains recommendations regarding the nuances of installation work. In particular, it contains information regarding the depth of the pipeline and other important points.
The rules for laying sewer pipes indicate that their laying depth must be at least 30–50 centimeters from the soil freezing mark in each region - the calculation is carried out from the lowest point of the pipeline.
When work is carried out in areas with increased load on the soil surface (for example, under the roadway), the products should be laid deeper, sometimes at around 9 meters.
The document regulates how sewer pipes should be installed in trenches:
- In the place where it is planned to lay a sewer drain from a private household, it is imperative to compact the ground. This will prevent erosion of the engineering structure by groundwater during heavy precipitation.
- The laying of an external pipeline is considered to be correctly completed if a pipeline slope is created, which should be from 1 to 2 centimeters per linear meter. This requirement must be observed because there is no pressure pressure in domestic sewer structures.
The technology for laying sewer pipes in a trench provides that in your own home, in a place where the pipeline bends sharply, you need to equip a special well.
This allows you to make repair work easier and to replace a section of the highway that has become unusable in the shortest possible time.
There is also a rule regarding the laying of pipes for sewer structures in the ground. It states that a layer of sand at least 15 centimeters thick must be poured onto the bottom of the trench, which will ensure the stability of the system and its convenient operation.
A similar layer should be placed on top of the sewer line. The use of backfill will simplify access to the pipeline if repairs are necessary.
Experts also recommend installing inspection wells in areas where there are significant differences in the depth of pipe laying. If the length of the network is large, several of them should be installed, maintaining a gap of about 25 meters.
Backfilling the trench with sand
Mistake #5
The bottom layer of the trench must be filled with sand; do not skip this step.
Otherwise, sharp pebbles and other foreign elements in the ground will damage the insulation after some time.
Mistake #6
The sand must be compacted. Do not lay the cable on a loose base.
What to do if you don’t have sand in stock and don’t want to order it? In this case, sift the excavated soil.
The fraction of individual elements after sifting should be no more than 5 mm.
Is it possible to do without this sand pillow or its equivalent? Why is it even needed? No you can not.
In addition to protecting the insulation from sharp objects, it plays another important role. The layer of sand under and above the cable is practically not subject to heaving.
It can be easily compacted, as a result of which there is no subsidence of the soil in the trench. No drawdown - no voids.
Namely, they lead to local overheating of the cable. The result is a situation where, in the place where a shallow hole is formed, the cable heats up significantly more than in the same area, but a couple of meters away.
Due to the temperature difference, the cable begins to “pull”. Under significant loads, the PVC insulation bursts and subsequently begins to actively suck moisture through these microcracks.
Well, don’t forget about the drainage properties of sand. Even if water reaches a depth of 0.7 m, it will pass through the sand without stopping near the cable line itself.
Sequence of actions when installing a sewer system
First of all, before laying the pipes, they dig a trench. The easiest way to do this is to use special equipment, such as an excavator, or manually.
According to generally accepted technology, laying sewer pipes involves the use of pipes with a diameter of 110 millimeters. In this case, the width of the ditch should be at least 60 centimeters.
Simultaneously with increasing the cross-section of the pipe being laid, it is also necessary to expand the trench. After selecting the material, the pipe is directly laid in the trench, which has its own nuances.
Those who are interested in how to lay sewer pipes in the ground correctly should keep in mind that work must begin from the foundation of the building. If there is no pipeline for drainage from the house, a hole is cut under the base of the building and the network is supplied under it.
When there is an outlet, a socket is put on the end of the pipe leaving the building. In this case, special attention is paid to the alignment of the joined elements.
As a rule, along the entire length of the sewage and wastewater drainage pipeline there are bends and turns - they are the ones that most often cause failure of the sewer network and cause serious trouble to the owners of private houses.
It is in places where the pipeline changes its direction that various deposits begin to accumulate. Over time, they completely block the path of movement of wastewater.
Experts know how to install a sewer pipeline in a private household to prevent such troubles.
Therefore, they do not include advice from professionals, which are as follows:
- The laying of sewer pipes must be carried out using bends that have different bending angles - from 15 to 90 degrees. To provide convenient access to places where blockages form, revisions are installed above each elbow.
- After completing the formation of the outlet from the house, the pipes are placed in the trench with the sockets down and then they begin to join the products. The joining process is as follows: the edges of the products are lubricated with a special compound and they are inserted into the socket until it stops.
To correctly connect the elements of engineering communications in a private household or apartment, a simple technique is used. It consists of marking the pipes before starting work to determine the depth of their insertion into the socket. Based on them, the connection is finally made.
Standard sizes of cable channels - table
Product parameters and requirements for the construction of cable systems are regulated by the GOST 52868-2007 standard, but many manufacturers are guided by technical specifications during production.
The characteristics of cable channels for electrical wiring from the In-Liner company, having a rectangular or square cross-section, are given in the table.
Please note that when installing partitions, the compartments have different areas.
| Box dimensions, mm | Usable area, mm² | Allowable number of separators, pcs. | Number of compartments when installing partitions, pcs. |
| 25x30 | 568 | Not provided | 1 |
| 60x40 | 1767 | 1 | 2 |
| 80x40 | 2645 | 2 | 3 |
| 120x40 | 3840 | 4 | 5 |
| 100x60 | 5063 | 2 | 3 |
| 120x80 | 8510 | 4 | 5 |
| 200x80 | 14430 | 6 | 7 |
External part.
What are we focusing on?
- Availability of bodies of water and their distance
- Terrain
- Depth of ground freezing
- Soil composition
- Distance of wells
Before starting work, you should develop a detailed diagram taking into account all the features. It is important not to miss anything, including ventilation. This will help avoid unpleasant odors that will begin to appear in the area over time. We will not dwell on this point in more detail, so we recommend that you separately consult with specialists or view articles on the relevant topic.
The external part of the sewer includes an internal drain outlet with a waste container.
No. 7. How to evaluate quality when purchasing?
When purchasing, carefully inspect the selected sample. A small examination will allow you to understand how high-quality the product is:
- The plastic must be rigid enough to hold its shape properly. Cracks, dents and other deformations are not allowed;
- ideal geometry, smoothness and evenness of the ends - evidence of high quality
- The cover should be easy to install and remove. It's better to try closing and opening the lock a couple of times. If all this happens very easily, and no cracks appear on the plastic, then you have a quality product;
- evidence that the manufacturer took a responsible approach to the issue of channel production is the presence of separators, clips and ties for convenient installation of several different cables. Yes, not every high-quality channel has such bells and whistles, but their presence means that this is a really good product.
Where will the drain be?
And again we will touch on the problem of unpleasant odor. When you have to choose a location, remember that the drain should be located ten meters from the house. Not less. This is the most optimal distance. We do not recommend posting further, because... this will increase the price of the entire job.
Check out the three rules below to help you:
- The external sewer line is not installed at a right angle.
- There must be a significant distance from the water.
- The same applies to neighboring plots. Always remember the distance.
The drain itself is made of brick or concrete rings. Sometimes other building materials are used.
In some cases, setting up a cesspool simply won’t work. This depends on the volume of wastewater. If their level on private territory does not exceed one cubic meter per day, then you can forget about this point. But if it exceeds, then it is worth installing a sealed container to accumulate wastewater. This way you can avoid significant pollution of the soil and the environment as a whole.
Types of treatment plant.
Method one. Simplest. An elementary pit without a bottom. (If wastewater allows.) To improve filtration, it is better to use a single-chamber or two-chamber septic tank and a filter well. A more expensive option is a biofilter that supplies air.
- Single-chamber septic tank = cesspool + drainage layer.
Gravel is placed at the bottom of the well. Thanks to this, liquid particles are purified. Over time, deposits will form, then the layer should be replaced.
- Two-chamber septic tank = storage tank + filter well + overflow pipe.
This is the most popular option because it requires the least amount of cash outlay. In addition, this type is the most effective.
A two-chamber septic tank is popular for the home, as it does not require large financial costs for its equipment.
